![]() ![]() ![]() All these companies, except Carbon Engineering, employ a cyclic absorption-desorption process. in Japan and Carbon Engineering are actively engaged in establishing commercial-scale direct air capture. Currently Climeworks in Switzerland, Global Thermostat in collaboration with Exxonmobil and Infinitree LLC in USA, Giaura in Netherlands, Oy Hydrocell Ltd. demonstrated the feasibility of large-scale direct CO 2 capture from air and this technology is now at early stages of commercialisation. ![]() There is a necessity to develop new ways to capture atmospheric CO 2 originating from these various sources. While the carbon capture approaches can remove on average 50–94% of the emission from cement and fossil fuel-fired plants, technologies to capture CO 2 released from energy production and transport sectors are less well developed although these account for 25% and 50% respectively of the global greenhouse gas emission. In this review paper, the cutting-edge intensification technologies being applied in CO 2 capture and conversion are reported and discussed, with the main focus on the chemical conversion methods. Therefore, suitable process intensification techniques based on equipment, material and process development strategies can play a key role at enabling the deployment of these processes. Conventional technologies employed in these processes often suffer from low selectivity and conversion, and lack energy efficiency. Despite such challenges, a number of methods for CO 2 capture and conversion have been investigated including absorption, photocatalysis, electrochemical and thermochemical methods. Additionally, CO 2 is thermodynamically a very stable molecule and difficult to activate. Conventional processes for each of these solutions often have high-capital costs associated and kinetic limitations in different process steps. Possible strategies involve sequestering the emitted CO 2 for long-term storage deep underground, and conversion of CO 2 into value-added products. With the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere increasing beyond sustainable limits, much research is currently focused on developing solutions to mitigate this problem. ![]()
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